STUDY NOTES

Angiosperms (flowering plants) are currently the dominant plants on Earth and number about 300,000 species, exceeding in this respect all other subdivisions of the plant world combined. Angiosperms are divided into two classes – monocots and dicot plants. The differences between these classes can be summarized in a table. Most monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants can …

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What is spermatogenesis? The production of male gametes, sperm, from testicular spermatogonia is called spermatogenesis. Spermatogonium is a diploid cell and found in the main reproductive organ, tubules of the testis, of humans. A spermatogonium is divided into four haploid cells through meiosis. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty with millions of sperms and lasts throughout life. …

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Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleosides are its precursors. The assembly of a nucleoside with a phosphate group results in the formation of a nucleotide and further covalent binding with several other nucleotides, a DNA or RNA molecule. What is a nucleoside? A nucleoside is the assembly of a nitrogenous base …

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What is aestivation?  Aestivation is a state of summer sleep and during aestivation, animals usually tend to rest in a cool place. They sleep during the hot hours of the day. Among the many animals that carry out aestivation activities are frogs, earthworms, snails, crocodiles, lizards, turtles and many others. Also, typically cold-blooded animals such …

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Fauna constitutes the main natural heritage of the whole world. Continued industrialization and deforestation threaten to wipe out wildlife. Thus, to preserve the natural heritage of the country, nature reserves, national parks, biosphere reserves, etc. are reserved.. Wildlife sanctuaries refer to an area that offers protection and suitable living conditions for wild animals. The national …

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Main difference between the food chains and the food web is that the food chain explains the only pathway for energy flow in an ecosystem, while the food web explains many of the energy flow paths that are interconnected within an ecosystem. All plants and animals (including humans) require some food to live on earth …

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Two liquids are isotonic when they have the same osmotic pressure with the same concentration of dissolved substances , for example mineral salts . The isotonic is the intermediate state between solutions hypertonic and hypotonic. It makes it possible to achieve the hydrosaline balance in an organism. A solution is isotonic when it has the …

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Plants, algae and some bacteria are said to be autotrophic, as they are able to cook their own food using sunlight, air and water. On the other side, animals such as dogs, lions, cows, horses, etc. are considered heterotrophic because they cannot cook their own food and are directly or indirectly dependent on the nutrition …

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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), the adenosine 5′-diphosphate, is a ribonucleotide formed of a base purine, the adenine, a pentose, the ribose and two phosphates. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is an activator platelet which is released from platelet granules upon formation of a hemostatic plug. It is rapidly phosphorylated in ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, by photophosphorylation or …

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Glycogen vs Starch Our body needs energy to keep us going. If we lack energy, we feel weak and our organs are unable to function properly. Without it, we cannot move and even do the most basic things like walking or eating. To meet the energy needs of our body, we must obtain a substantial …

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